Accuracy and reliability
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Science, Technology and Culture, Business StatisticsMille Wilhjelm Poulsen
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They are based on a complete census, of the expected research-active institutions, of approximately 650 public institutions, with a response rate close to 100 percent. The large dataset undergoes extensive validation, and except for a single question, the extent of imputation for missing values is relatively limited. Imputation may, for example, involve inserting calculated values from other institutions’ reports in place of missing information.
Overall accuracy
The statistics is based on a census of approximately 650 public institutions performing research and development and the response rate is 100 percent. Despite the large number of variables the measurement error is considered to be small which is based on the very comprehensive data validation process.
Sampling error
The statistics is not based on a sample.
Non-sampling error
The non-sampling error is low which is primarily due to the very high coverage. Furthermore, there is no over-coverage. Despite the large number of variables the measurement error is considered to be small which is based on the very comprehensive data validation process.
Quality management
Statistics Denmark follows the recommendations on organisation and management of quality given in the Code of Practice for European Statistics (CoP) and the implementation guidelines given in the Quality Assurance Framework of the European Statistical System (QAF). A Working Group on Quality and a central quality assurance function have been established to continuously carry through control of products and processes.
Quality assurance
Statistics Denmark follows the principles in the Code of Practice for European Statistics (CoP) and uses the Quality Assurance Framework of the European Statistical System (QAF) for the implementation of the principles. This involves continuous decentralized and central control of products and processes based on documentation following international standards. The central quality assurance function reports to the Working Group on Quality. Reports include suggestions for improvement that are assessed, decided and subsequently implemented.
Quality assessment
The statistics are based on a complete census, of the expected research-active institutions, with a very high response rate. Non-response is below 1 percent. For the largest reporters, universities and university hospitals, data collection is carried out in close cooperation with so-called main contacts. The submitted data undergo extensive validation, and only for a single question regarding R&D in strategic areas is there a substantial imputation rate of approximately 20 percent.
Data revision - policy
Statistics Denmark revises published figures in accordance with the Revision Policy for Statistics Denmark. The common procedures and principles of the Revision Policy are for some statistics supplemented by a specific revision practice.
Data revision practice
Data for the most recent year are published as preliminary figures. The reference years 2007-2023 are published as final statistics. At the publication of the 2024 statistics the 2023 statistics will be published as final data.